Argumentative Essay On Birth Control - 1022 Words

Birth Control Restriction/Termination Ever thought birth control pills are highly recommended and no one really tells women about the effects. The dangerous effects of birth control can be critical. Women have not been informed, well enough of contraceptives, especially when looking back on birth control with womens health and choices. Birth control came about from women who were obligated to have families and not letting it be a choice. Many women have heard about contraceptives that are advertised on tv, magazines, and even from a family doctor. Women knew very little of what birth control could do or even prevent. Women thought that just by taking birth control it could prevent pregnancy. They were not well informed that all body†¦show more content†¦Another common contraceptive is IUDs, which are even more at risk with STDs and pelvic inflammatory disease. Not just that, but it also weakens your immune system that helps fight viruses. As well as causing a delay in a womans menstrual cycle, unusual spotting, heavy discharge, or infections. One of the most harmful side effects comes with hormonal contraceptives. Women have to be alert and attentive with the contraceptive. If women are not cautious with some of the hormonal birth control such as an oral contraceptive, it could lead to a serious blockage of to the heart that could cause a heart attack (Draper 321). Women have to be as careful about this contraceptive that she has to go to a health care provider frequently to make sure everything is going well. When the woman’s does not take care of themselves, it also leads to problems with the women hormones called Progestin and Estrogen. London Draper is shown on a table that it can lead to depression, jaundice, fatigue, hypertension, headaches, Hirsutism, weight gain, acne/oily skin and so many more side effects (321). While trying to get a contraceptive women also have to consider some factors. Such as smoking, drinking, STI’s, age, health risks, ethics, financial status , having kids in the future and so many other issues that women have to think about and consider. Therefore, not all contraceptives are made for different ages.Show MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Birth Control1393 Words   |  6 PagesHastings Wagamon English Composition 11/16/2017 Argumentative Proposal Why Not Unload A Gun Contraception has been around for thousands of years. Several methods and technologies have occurred over these years to help further the effectiveness of contraception. Contraceptives come in all shapes and sizes and each one has different qualities including, their strengths and weaknesses. The most commonly used contraceptive is a condom, which helps prevent pregnancies and the transmission of sexualRead MoreThe Consequences Of The Abortion Pill1160 Words   |  5 Pagesenough to somebody from the outside looking in. Again, I believe there should be a right reason to have an abortion but my reasoning wouldn’t always be the same as another woman’s would be. A woman has a right to have an abortion Running Head: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY 3 because it is her body. Abortion should be legal but discouraged. Legal simply because it is a choice and what grows inside your body is yours. But discouraged because there are other more effective ways to prevent pregnancy than abortionRead MoreTheories And Arguments : Inherit The Wind By Jerome Lawrence Robert E. Lee Essay780 Words   |  4 Pageswant them to. Extremist beliefs in both religion and science can lead to poor judgment and an imposition of unearned power and beliefs Throughout history and today, we are still fighting this battle (i.e. Turkey, ISIS, LGBTQ+ rights, abortion/birth control, etc.) Essential Questions: How do we affect nature and how does it affect us? How do our morals and values inform our decisions in the outside world? 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Every year 363 million dollars goes into the funding â€Å"pot† collectively at Planned Parenthood’s nationwide (Clark 5). This money is used predominantly by women; for six in ten women, Planned Parenthood acts as their main source of health care (Clark 4). Many individuals with low incomes depend on these clinicsRead MoreArgumentative Essay: Abortion1075 Words   |  5 PagesIn my argumentative Essay, I am arguing that abortion is wrong and not to be mistaken with Abortion should be made illegal. I will explain later why I have made this statement. Abortion is the termination of an unborn child in its mothers womb for up to twenty four weeks of the pregnancy or in special circumstances e.g. Disability diagnosis a termination right up until the mother goes in to labour. 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Throughout my essay I will be explaining a few topics that were repeatedly in the book and I found important. Huge topic like gender roles, women population, and men being privilege. It was not easy for women around this time era, because they had to deal with a lot ofRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized? Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic that I chose for my argumentative essay is about the topic of abortion. Abortion has been a contr oversial topic for a very long time. The dictionary definition of abortion is â€Å"A medical procedure used to end a pregnancy and cause the death of the fetus†(Merriam-Webster). Many people believe that this procedure is wrong and immoral. These people, who are categorized as â€Å"pro-lifers†, often times forget that by making abortion illegal does not mean that abortion will be stopped. In fact byRead MorePsychology : Personality Psychology Exam1709 Words   |  7 Pagestype of personality a person stuck in the oral stage may have is the oral-aggressive type. Those who fall under this type are orally aggressive in their relationships with others. They can be referred to as put down artists and have a sarcastic, argumentative behavior. âž ¢ Anal stage: The anal-retentive personality type delays final satisfactions to the last possible moment and shows orderliness, stinginess, and stubbornness, a constipated orientation (Personality Theories, p. 31). The anal-expulsive

The Battle Of Pearl Harbor - 1354 Words

The Pacific Campaign was a series of relentless, ongoing amphibious landings and campaigns that took place among several surrounding islands where naval and air power, rather than large and heavy ground forces, were of utmost importance. In the Pacific Campaign, the Japanese primary targets were the United States Navy and US Marine Corps. The United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Canada and other Allied nations also committed many forces. The Second World War was the largest war that America had ever taken part. America first entered the war in 1941 due to a Japanese attack on the naval base, Pearl Harbor. The Japanese eventually surrendered to the Allied forces on September 2, 1945. The invasion of Pearl Harbor was not specifically the start of the Pacific War; there were many campaigns that took place simultaneously. However, the invasion of Pearl Harbor was the reason the United States entered the war on December 7, 1941. The attack, which was a complete surprise to the United S tates, lasted only two hours, but it was very destructive. Since the American military leaders never imagined an attack so close to home, most of the naval facilities at Pearl Harbor were undefended. The Japanese destroyed almost twenty American naval ships, including 8 large warships and nearly 200 aircraft. Over 2,000 American soldiers and sailors were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Out of 184 Japanese planes, only 29 were taken down. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor,Show MoreRelatedBattle of Pearl Harbor975 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyzed Editors’ (2012) view of the causations of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the planning of the Japanese and U.S. military commanders on the attack of Pearl Harbor. Also, this paper will suggest that World War II started in Japan years before historians believe the war was initiated in Europe. Japan’s early aggression to its neighboring countries has significant and critical causations of the attack on Pear l Harbor. Editors (2012) suggested that Japan was drawn to wage war with the U.SRead MoreThe Battle Of Pearl Harbor998 Words   |  4 Pages The Battle of Pearl Harbor was a very important factor in the outcome of World War II and lead the United States to enter the war. The battle or sometimes called invasion of Pearl Harbor happened on the morning of December 7th, 1941. It is as Franklin Roosevelt said in a speech addressed to the U.S. and congress, â€Å"a date that will live in infamy.† In this Roosevelt symbolically states that the bombing of Pearl Harbor will be the start of a chain of events leading to many serious outcomes andRead MorePearl Harbor Battle Analysis1761 Words   |  8 PagesPearl Harbor Battle Analysis On a pleasant and beautiful Sunday, December 7, 1984, Japan implemented a surprise attack on the US Naval Base in Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii which gave United States a door to enter into World War II. Even though Japan did not follow through with the attack causing the third wave of bombers to break contact from dropping bombs to finish off the rest of the fleet docking in Pearl Harbor, it was a well prepared, and carefully orchestrated attack onRead MoreThe Attack on Pearl Harbor754 Words   |  3 PagesAttack on Pearl Harbor Introduction. I chose this battle because I had been hearing about the attack on Pearl Harbor, but I did not know much about it. This paper talks about the countries that fought in this battle, where the battle was fought, what the geography was like during the battle, what the weather was like, what happened during this battle, how many casualties occurred, other things I learned about the battle, who won the battle, and how the battle was important to WWII. What countriesRead MoreThe Battle of Midway955 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle of Midway, one of the most important battles of World War II, took place from June 4, 1942 to June 7, 1942. The battle occurred about five months after the Japanese capture of Wake Island, and exactly six months after the Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor. Before the Battle of Midway, the Japanese were on the offensive through South-East Asia and the Pacific. The Japanese attacked Wake Island Pearl Harbor and other atolls, which strengthened their empire and severely damaged the U.S. NavyRead MoreThe Pearl Harbor Attack On America1274 Words   |  6 Pages Pearl Harbor America has learned from and been shaped by many different experiences of good and bad in this country. The Pearl Harbor attack was one major eye opening event that America had to face. It involved heartbreaking deaths of those who served our country along with civilians who were on the island as well. It was was an unexpected attack with no time to prepare. On December 7, 1941 tragedy struck the beautiful island of Honolulu, Hawaii when the Japanese started their attack on AmericaRead MorePearl Harbor Cause And Effect Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pages The Battle of Pearl Harbor Cause and Effects By Dawn Martin (4631058) American Public University System June 11, 2017 HIST102: American History since 1877 Thomas Pfundstein The Battle of Pearl Harbor Cause and Effects On Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, at 7:55 AM the Japanese Empire led a surprise attack on the US Naval base Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, that would leave millions of Americans in shock, and heartbroken. Before the attack, the United States kept a low profile on InternationalRead MoreThe Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pages 2,403 soldiers were killed in action, 1,178 were wounded in action. Through the misjudgments of numerous U.S. armed forces personnel, the Japanese were able to carry out this terrible attack, which crippled the United States’ Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. â€Å"Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan†¦As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directedRead MoreThe Best War Ever By Michael Adams1686 Words   |  7 PagesFor an event, which has impacted a whole generation to fight a war, Pearl Harbor does not always hold up to the word infinity. In the past seventy years there have been countless books, articles and movies written about World War Two and Pearly Harbor. Each book brings a different approach to the impact of Pearl and how it has impacted the world since. 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The Effects Of Parenting On Education In Lilongwe Education Essay Free Essays

Birds are creatures that love and care for their immature 1s really much. Get downing from the clip a bird lays eggs ; it takes good attention of its immature 1s and protects them from any danger. As if that is non plenty, when it has hatched it fetches nutrient for the immature 1s. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects Of Parenting On Education In Lilongwe Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now As they grow the bird female parent teaches the small 1s how to wing and besides to be independent to happen nutrient on their ain for themselves. It teaches them how to fly from danger and besides how to tie in with other birds. If birds get involved in the life of its immature 1s, protect and supply for its demands and learn them to be independent, what more human existences? Do parents acquire personally involved in the instruction of their kids? Or should the whole duty of instruction be left in the custodies of instructors? In Malawi, many factors affect how the pupils perform in school and the quality of instruction they are suppose to acquire in secondary schools. Peers, socioeconomical position, and background are some of the factors that affect public presentation and quality of instruction in secondary schools of Malawi. Due to these factors, pupils in secondary schools need a assisting manus in their instruction. Teachers play the function of learning and developing them but this research worker thinks that parents and defenders have a function to play every bit good. The duty of guaranting that the public presentation and quality of instruction is bettering in secondary schools of Lilongwe ; lies in the custodies of non merely the instructors but besides parents and defenders. This research is dedicated to happening out if parental engagement has an consequence on public presentation and quality of instruction in secondary schools of Lilongwe territory. Background The research worker bases her attack on the fact that a household does non merely have a map of bearing kids but besides child rise uping which include supplying for their basic demands and most of all get involved in their instruction. In Malawi, many households believe that the minute they have given birth to a kid, their occupation is done. Particularly in small towns, many households do non care about their kids ‘s instruction, whether they go to school or non. Education is a tool to success and it is really of import in the lives of kids and even the coevalss to come. A Brighter hereafter of kids is built through instruction ; it builds them to what they want to be in future. For parents to acquire personally involved in instruction brings great impact on instruction itself and the kids. Supplying school fees and necessities is non plenty, parents can make more than merely supplying these. If a household decides to educate their kids, they must acquire ready to be personal ly involved in every measure of the kids ‘s school. The inquiry is ; make households acquire involved in educating their kids? What difference does it do? Hypothesis The research worker thinks that personal engagement of parents has positively impacted instruction in secondary schools of Lilongwe by bettering its quality and how pupils perform. Problem Statement The duty of educating the kids does non wholly depend on instructors but besides parents. Lilongwe territory has secondary school instructors who guarantee that criterions of instruction are bettering now and so. On the other manus, there are besides parents who have kids making secondary school instruction. Parents work with the secondary school instructors in the undermentioned countries: school direction, look intoing the acquisition environment and execution of the course of study. Despite parents assisting instructors in the above countries ; the instruction criterions in most of the secondary schools in Lilongwe are traveling down every bit evidenced by the consequences of both the Junior Certificate of Education ( JCE ) and Malawi School Certificate of Education ( MSCE ) . The jobs ensuing from many pupils neglecting may include: most parents either populating in rural or urban countries of Lilongwe District do non care about the instruction of their kids. In every bit much as they provide demands for the kids, they do non personally acquire involved in it. However, it is the duty of parents to take note of how their kids are executing at school and parents should work manus in manus with the instructors in this exercising. This is why this survey seeks solicit positions from parents if they are involved in the instruction of their kids and if they are non, happening ways on how they can be involved. Purpose of Study This survey is dedicated to happening if engagement of parents has an consequence on the public presentation and quality of instruction in Lilongwe territory. Purposes and Aims The purpose is to measure how parenting impacts instruction in Lilongwe territory with the aims of happening out how parents get involved in instruction, detect jobs that hinder parental engagement on instruction and the impact that parental engagement has on instruction. Significance of the Study This research is traveling to assist pupils in secondary schools of Lilongwe territory ; parents and instructor to admit the impact that parental engagement has on instruction and how they can work together to back up acquisition, for the pupils to make better in school. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The research worker bases her attack on the fact that a household has maps of kid bearing, kid raising, and socialisation. Mrs. Banda, a lector at African Bible College defined socialisation as the procedure by which individuals get cognition, accomplishments and temperament that make them more or less incorporate members of society. A household has duty of tie ining new members to suit into the community that they are to be found. One of the communities that new members will be found in is a school and a preparation topographic point. George Knight ( 2006 ) in his book of Philosophy and Education said that. â€Å" The school is merely one society ‘s agents for acquisition, instruction, and preparation. The household, media, equal group, and church are some of other establishments that portion this duty. † ( p. 12 ) . The procedure by which a household takes a duty of tie ining new members into the community is called rearing. One of the of import sectors that parenting has a greater impact is instruction. Jeff white a professor at African Bible College while learning Philosophy of Education Class stated that instruction is a directed acquisition. The first topographic point where a new member of a household gets instruction is in a household through the procedure of parenting. Jay Kesler ( 1997 ) in his book called ‘Parents and Teenagers ‘ said that. â€Å" Properly understood, the household and school signifier a partnership. Schools become bad or less good when parents are non involved. † ( p.628 ) . A household plays a great function in the instruction of kids for they work manus in manus in tie ining new members into a peculiar society. Education is a tool to success and it is really of import in the lives of kids and even coevalss to come. A Brighter hereafter of kids is built through instruction ; it builds them to what they want to be in future. For parents to acquire personally involved in instruction makes it more of import and it has a great impact on instruction itself and even the kids, supplying accoutrements for school and supplying basic demands for the kids is non plenty, parents can make more than merely supplying necessities. If a household has decided to educate their kids, so they must acquire ready to be personally involved in it. The inquiry is ; make households acquire personally involved in educating their kids? What difference does it do? McCain and Mustard ( 1999 ) stated that school systems work with the kids who come into them. The quality of kids ‘s lives before get downing formal instruction greatly influences the sort of scholars they can be. Of class many elements go into doing a quality scholar. These include: healthy, early childhood experiences and place support. For illustration on early childhood psychosocial development experiences ; surveies that were done showed that positive early experiences and interactions are critical to fixing a quality scholar. A big survey that was conducted in 12 Latin American states found that attending at twenty-four hours attention coupled with higher degrees of parental engagement that includes parents to immature kids is associated with higher trial tonss and lower rates of grade repeat in primary school ( Willms, 2000 ) . Evidence from the Philippines, Srilanka and Turkey, has shown that kids who participate in early interaction plans do better in primary school th an those who do non profit from formal early kid plans and surveies from India, Morocco and Latin America demonstrated that disadvantaged kids benefit the most from such programmes ( UNICEF, 1998 ) . Furthermore, Ansu Datta ( 1984 ) stated that, the modern-day issues refering household and instructions are: parents in rural countries depend on household for endurance therefore it is difficult for them to be involved instruction. Parents in urban countries are busy at work and they find it hard to acquire involved in instruction ( Datta, 1984, p.215 ) . Therefore, this undertaking will look much at the manner in which parents get involved in instruction in Lilongwe territory and how each manner aid in bettering the quality of instruction. The decision of a recent study from southwest educational development research lab stated that when schools, households and community groups work together to back up acquisition, kids tend to make better in school and like school more. Another research of parent engagement over the decennary finds that, irrespective of household income or background, pupils with involved parents are likely to: Earn higher classs and trial tonss, and enroll in higher-level plans Be promoted, pass their categories and earn credits Attend school on a regular basis Have better societal accomplishments, show improved behavior, and adapt good to school and Alumnus and travel on to post secondary instruction ( Henderson A ; Mapp, 2002, p. 103 ) On the other manus, other researches on parental engagement on instruction show that schools must besides play a function in promoting parental engagement on instruction. Harmonizing to the research by The National Network of Partnership Schools, it shows that parents who are involved in their kids ‘s instruction do non make it right. As a consequence, their attempt to be involved in instruction is nonmeaningful since it does non do any difference on the quality of instruction and on the public presentation of the pupils. Therefore, they suggested a model of six types of parental engagement that schools can utilize to steer their attempts. It says schools can: aid households with parenting and child-rearing accomplishments Communicate with households about school plans and pupils advancement and demands Work to better enlisting preparation, and agendas to affect households as voluntaries in school activities Encourage households to be involved in larning activities at place Include parents as participants in of import school determinations and the community ( Epstein, 2001 ) Ramirez Laura ( 2009 ) in his book of Children Native American Wisdom and Parenting recognized the importance of parental engagement and its effects on instruction. Nevertheless, Ramirez thought that there are some grounds that hinder parents to efficaciously acquire involved in their kids ‘s instruction. She states that, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦Another ground your kids might non see the demand for you to be involved in his/her instruction is because you are busy with calling and other day-to-day jobs or go toing the place. You do n’t recognize that does non run into the attending demand of the kids, † ( Ramirez, 2009, p.23 ) . Any attending that parents may give towards their kids ‘s instruction has a great consequence. THE EFFECTS OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT ON CHILDREN ‘S HOMEWORK Dobson James ( 1979 ) in his book ‘ The Strong Willed Child ‘ gives and illustration of a kid that parental engagement became of aid to him after her female parent neglected her that chance for some clip. Dobson writes that, â€Å" †¦ During the conversation bonnie reveals that she does n’t wish school anyhow, and she would instead remain place and drama. † As the narrative continues Bonnie ‘s female parent decided to assist with Bonnies ‘s prep and any school work that was supposed to be done at place. After that Bonnie public presentation at school improved and this is what Bonnie said, â€Å" †¦ . school is fun and if offers to assist me make my prep every twenty-four hours, I will remain in school. † ( Dobson, 1979, Pp.167-170 ) . The smallest attending that parents may offer to their kids ‘s instruction, counts a batch towards the attitude that the kids will hold for school. THE EFFECTS OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE CHILDREN ‘S SCHOOL ACTIVITIES AND MEETINGS Furthermore, the engagement of parents in school activities and meetings are besides of import because it shows how much they are concerned with their kids ‘s instruction and how they perform at school. Phillips, Wiener A ; Haring ( 1965 ) in the book ‘Discipline, Achievement and Mental Health ‘ provinces that the demand to work with parents is normally considered cardinal to the betterment of the kid ‘s behavior from the classroom-or clinic, medical, youth organisation, or any other-point of position. Parents may change widely in their grade of penetration, intelligence, motive, or amenability, but they have far more immediate uninterrupted impact on the kid ‘s life than anyone else. They can non be ignored in the effectual solution of the job any longer than in its diagnosing. On the whole we have found parents to be sensible and effectual helpers to the instructor in work outing schoolroom jobs, merely as Psychotherapists normally find them indispens able participants in the intervention procedure. ( Phillips, Wiener A ; Haring, 1965, Pp. 116-117 ) . Significance OF PARENTS ‘ INVOLVEMENT IN PROVIDING SCHOOL ACCESSORIES TO THEIR CHILDREN Supplying for the kids ‘s accoutrements for school is one manner of parents acquiring involved in the instruction. As stated above that a household does non merely have a function of bearing kids but besides taking attention of them. Supplying for their demands is one manner of taking attention of them and portion of household direction and this has an consequence on instruction. Santrock John ( 2004 ) in his book of Educational Psychology states that, â€Å" Research workers have found that household direction patterns are positively related to pupils ‘ class and ego duty, and negatively to school-related jobs. † Furthermore, Santrock states that, â€Å" Even though parents typically spend less clip with their kids as through simple and secondary school, they continue to hold a strong influence on kids ‘s development by supplying for their demands. Parents besides influence whether kids take part in such activities as athleticss, music and other activities by the extent to which they sign up their kids to such activities and promote their engagement. † ( Santrock, 2004, Pp. 84-85 ) . Despite parents being involved in assorted ways as stated above, but Santrock ( 2004 ) continues to state that, although kids grow up in diverse households, in virtually every household parents play an of import function in back uping and exciting kids ‘s academic accomplishment and attitude towards school. The value parents topographic point on instruction can intend the difference in whether kids do good in school. Experienced instructors know the importance of acquiring parents involved in kids ‘s instruction. All parents, even those with considerable instruction, need annually counsel from instructors in how to stay productiveness involved in their kids ‘s instruction. ( Santrock, 2004, p. 84 ) . One research on Parental Involvement on instruction ( 2004 ) concluded that about all parents want their kids to win in school, but need clear and utile information from their kids ‘s instructors and from other schools and territory leaders in order to assist their kids develop their full potency. For illustration, sometimes parents inquire their kid, â€Å" how was school today? † We know that may stop with the kid reacting â€Å" all right † or â€Å" Okay † and non much more. Parents should be guided, alternatively, to inquire their kid, â€Å" Would you read to me something you wrote today? † or â€Å" could you demo me something you learned in math today? † ( Anguiano, 2004, P, 89 ) . Santrock in contrasting the survey made by 16,000 pupils stated that, â€Å" The pupils were more likely to acquire ‘As ‘ and less likely to reiterate a class or be expelled if both parents were extremely involved in their schooling ( National Center for Educational Statistics, 1997 ) . In this survey, high engagement was defined as the parent engagement in three or four of the followers: school meetings, a instructor conference, a category meeting, or volunteering. Other surveies have found that pupils ‘ classs and academic accomplishment are linked to parental engagement ( Epstein, 2005 ; Sheldon A ; Epstein, 2005 ) . How to cite The Effects Of Parenting On Education In Lilongwe Education Essay, Essay examples

Parent Report in Identifying Autism in Infants

Questions: Assessment, diagnostic testing, and management of neurological conditions in a pediatric patient. Differential diagnoses for presentation of symptoms involving the nervous system in pediatric patients. Assessment and evaluation of cognitive perceptual problems in pediatric patients. Answers: What do you believe is your best course of action for this appointment? From different medical background and research it can be said that the symptoms of Chloe is suffering from such as poor neck control and some staring episodes which can be recognized as early symptoms of autism. Based on this particular assumption it is quite important that necessary tests are carried out to be sure that the patient is actually suffering from autism. Diagnostic assessments should be carried out at first along with proper interventions required (Wolf et al. 2012). What specific assessment tools can you use to guide you in your evaluation? As from the case study, it can be said that there is urgent need of review of the patient and use of assessment tool which can be recommended with respect to this particular case. These tools include, Developmental and behavioral Screening tool Autism screening tool High functioning autism screening tools or asperger syndrome As the patient Chloe is just six months old, the developmental and screening tool is said to be the best assessment tool which can be implemented. In this tool the behavior of the child is noted and broadly studied to determine whether the baby is suffering from autism or not (Peterson, 2013). Autism screening tool can also be implemented. In this tool the spectrum of autism can be determined which help to specify the disorder particularly. In general cases, autism tools are followed by the developmental tools for the assessment procedure What would you expect a normal six-month-old to be doing? At the age of six months a normal baby can even sit up with the help of little support. The first attempts of talking through the babbling sounds can be observed in case of normal six months old baby (Jones Lauyer, 2015). Other significant aspects which should be highlighted is that at this age, babies can roll over in order to become motile by themselves and try to stand or cruising. How long do you have before Chloe should "catch up" developmentally? As of now, it is not clear the Chloe is suffering from autism. But if the assessment and diagnostic tests indicate the early signs of autism, there is no need to worry. It is medically seen that in such cases babies can catch up within a short period of time such as 24 months . (Rogers et al. 2014) Given Chloe's history, do you think she will? Why or why not? As the baby is just six months old and there are mild symptoms it can be concluded that it might be the early stages of autism. Though proper diagnostic or assessment results are needed to be sure it can also mentioned that if proper medical interventions are taken care with, then Chloe can easily catch up within the time span of twenty for months. References Jones, M. K., Lauver, L. (2015). Evidentiary Review of Screening Infants for Autism.Journal of Intellectual Disability-Diagnosis and Treatment,3(3), 120-125. Peterson, L. (2013).Parent Report in Identifying Autism in Infants. The University of north carolina at Chapel Hill. Rogers, S. J., Vismara, L., Wagner, A. L., McCormick, C., Young, G., Ozonoff, S. (2014). Autism treatment in the first year of life: a pilot study of infant start, a parent-implemented intervention for symptomatic infants.Journal of autism and developmental disorders,44(12), 2981-2995. Wolff, J. J., Gu, H., Gerig, G., Elison, J. T., Styner, M., Gouttard, S., ... Evans, A. C. (2012). Differences in white matter fiber tract development present from 6 to 24 months in infants with autism.American Journal of Psychiatry.

International Trade Payment Method with Special Reference Essay Example

International Trade Payment Method with Special Reference Essay To succeed in today’s global marketplace and win sales against foreign competitors, exporters must offer their customers attractive sales terms supported by appropriate payment methods. Because getting paid in full and on time is the ultimate goal for each export sale, an appropriate payment method must be chosen carefully to minimize the payment risk while also accommodating the needs of the buyer. This trend is attributable to the increased globalization of the world economies and the availability of trade payment and finance from the international banking community. As shown in figure 1. 1, there are four primary methods of payment for international transactions. During or before contract negotiations, we should consider which method in the figure is mutually desirable for both me and my customer. Figure 1. 1. Payment Risk Diagram Key Points †¢ To succeed in today’s global marketplace and win sales against International trade presents a spectrum of risk, which causes uncertainty over the timing of payments between the exporter (seller) and importer (foreign buyer). †¢ For exporters, any sale is a gift until payment is received. Therefore, exporters want to receive payment as soon as possible, preferably as soon as an order is placed or before the goods are sent to the importer. †¢ For importers, any payment is a donation until the goods are received. †¢ Therefore, importers want to receive the goods as soon as possible but to delay payment as long as possible, preferably until after the goods are resold to generate eno ugh income to pay the exporter. Objective of the study: The objectives of the study are: 1. Discuss theoretical aspects of international trade payment and finance. 2. Discuss Bangladesh aspects of international trade payment and finance. We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade Payment Method with Special Reference specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade Payment Method with Special Reference specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade Payment Method with Special Reference specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Theoretical Aspects: There are four standard and common payment methods that are in use to make or receive payment for international trade market. It basically means received of payment against export and making payment against import: 1. Cash in Advance. 2. Open Account / Supplier credit. 3. Documentary collection. 4. Documentary Credit / Letters of Credit L/C. Cash-in-Advance: From the very title it is obvious that cash will be in advance. With cash-in-advance payment terms, the exporter can avoid credit risk because payment is received before the ownership of the goods is transferred. Wire transfers and credit cards are the most commonly used cash-in-advance options available to exporters. However, requiring payment in advance is the least attractive option for the buyer, because it creates cash-flow problems. Foreign buyers are also concerned that the goods may not be sent if payment is made in advance. Thus, exporters who insist on this payment method as their sole manner of doing business may lose to competitors who offer more attractive payment terms. There are some features of Cash-in-advance * Interest of exporter is fully protected. Interest of importer is not protected. * Banks are involved in the process of transferring payments. * Documents are shipment are directly handle by the exporters. * It is guided by Purchase and Sale Agreement. * It is one of the cheapest and least popular methods in the world. Open Account: An open account transaction is a sale where the goods are shipped and delivered before payment is due, which is usually in 30 to 90 days. O bviously, this option is the most advantageous option to the importer in terms of cash flow and cost, but it is consequently the highest risk option for an exporter. Because of intense competition in export markets, foreign buyers often press exporters for open account terms since the extension of credit by the seller to the buyer is more common abroad. Therefore, exporters who are reluctant to extend credit may lose a sale to their competitors. However, the exporter can offer competitive open account terms while substantially mitigating the risk of non-payment by using of one or more of the appropriate trade finance techniques, such as export credit insurance. There are some features of Open account * Interest of importer is fully protected * Interest of exporter is not protected. Banks are involved in the process of transferring payments. * Documents are shipment are directly handle by the exporters * It is the most popular method in the world. Documentary Collections: A documentary collection (D/C) is a transaction whereby the exporter entrusts the collection of a payment to the remitting bank (is the bank on the counter of which documents are submitted by exporter, collect payment from importer on its behalf), which sends documents to a collecting bank (is the bank that is involved in the process of documentary collection other than the remitting bank), along with instructions for payment. Funds are received from the importer and remitted to the exporter through the banks involved in the collection in exchange for those documents. D/Cs involve using a draft that requires the importer to pay the face amount either at sight (document against payment) or on a specified date (document against acceptance). The draft gives instructions that specify the documents required for the transfer of title to the goods. Although banks do act as facilitators for their clients, D/Cs offer no verification process and limited recourse in the event of non-payment. Drafts are generally less expensive than LCs. There are two methods of documentary collection: * Documents against payment * Documents against acceptanc Documents Against Payment (D/P) In this case documents are released to the importer only when the payment has been done. This is sometimes also referred  as Cash against Documents/Cash on Delivery. In effect D/P means payable at sight (on demand). The collecting bank hands over The shipping documents including the document of title (bill of lading) only when the importer has paid the bill. The drawee is usually expected to pay within 3 working days of presentation. Documents Against Acceptance (D/A) In this case documents are released to the importer only against acceptance of a draft. Under Documents Against Acceptance, the Exporter allows credit to Importer, the period of credit is referred to as Usance, The importer is required to accept the bill to make a signed promise to pay the bill at a set date in the future. When he has signed the bill in acceptance, he can take the documents and clear his goods. Figure 1. 2. Process of documentary Collection The following list of documents often used in international trade: †¢ Air Waybill Bill of Lading †¢ Certificate of Origin †¢ Combined Transport Document †¢ Draft or Bill of Exchange †¢ Insurance Policy (or Certificate) †¢ Inspection Certificate Air waybill: The Air Waybill (AWB) is the most important document issued by a carrier either directly or through its authorised agent. It is a non-negotiable transport document. It covers transport of cargo from airport to air port. Bill of Lading: A bill of lading is generated by a shipper, details a  shipment  of  merchandise, gives  title  to the goods, and requires the carrier to deliver the merchandise to the appropriate party. Certificate of Origin: The Certificate of Origin is required by the custom authority of the importing country for the purpose of imposing import duty. It is usually issued by the Chamber of Commerce and contains information like seal of the chamber, details of the good to be transported and so on. Combined Transport Document: Combined transport  is a form of  intermodal transport, which is the movement of goods in one and the same loading unit or road vehicle, using successively two or more modes of transport without handling the goods themselves in changing modes. Combined transport is  intermodal transport where the major part of the journey is by rail,  inland waterways  or  sea, and any initial and/or final legs carried out by road are as short as possible Draft or Bill of Exchange: A Bill of Exchange is a special type of written document under which an exporter ask importer a certain amount of money in future and the importer also agrees to pay the importer that amount of money on or before the future date. Insurance policy: Also known as Insurance Policy, it certifies that goods transported have been insured under an open policy and is not actionable with little details about the risk covered. Inspection Certificate: Certificate of Inspection is a document prepared on the request of seller when he wants the consignment to be checked by a third party at the port of shipment before the goods are sealed for final transportation. There are some features of Documentary Collection * Interest of importer risk protected. * Interest of exporter is better protected than open account * It is guided by Purchase Sale Agreement and URC 522 * It could be risky for the exporter if documents are not received by the importer * All the banks involved in documentary collection are the agents of exporter. Documentary Credit or Letters of Credit: Letters of credit (LCs) are one of the most secure instruments available to international traders. An LC is a commitment by a bank on behalf of the buyer that payment will be made to the exporter, provided that the terms and conditions stated in the LC have been met, as verified through the presentation of all required documents. The buyer pays his or her bank to render this service. An LC is useful when reliable credit information about a foreign buyer is difficult to obtain, but the exporter is satisfied with the creditworthiness of the buyer’s foreign bank. An LC also protects the buyer because no payment obligation arises until the goods have been shipped or delivered as promised. Participants in LC Process: * Buyer- Buyer is also called Applicant * Seller- Seller is also called beneficiary * Issuing Bank- Is the bank that issued Letter of Credit. * Advising Bank- Is the bank using the service of which issuing bank advices credit to the exporter. * Nominated Bank- Is the bank nominated by the issuing bank at the counter of which documents may be submitted by the exporter in addition to the counter of an issuing. Reimbursing Bank- Is the bank through which issuing bank maximum reinvestment to the nominated bank. Payment process through LC process: The main steps in a typical documentary credit transaction are- 1. When exporter has finished the export contract, your importer arranges with a bank to open a documentary credit in exporters favour. This foreign bank is called the issuing bank and will usually check your buyer’s credit worthiness. 2. The issuing bank sends the documentary credit to any local bank of exporter called advising bank. The advising bank verifies the authencity of the documentary credit and forwards it to exporter. 3. The documentary credit sets out the documents you must present to receive payment. When exporter has shipped the goods and compiled all the necessary documents, exporter lodge the document with the local bank called nominated bank- to arrange the payment. In most cases, the advising bank and the nominated bank are the same bank and may be exporter’s regular business bank. 4. The nominated bank checks the documents to ensure the terms of the documentary credit have been met. It then sends the documents to the issuing bank with a request for payment. Sometimes a third bank called reimbursing bank, act as an intermediary between the nominated and issuing banks. 5. If the issuing bank is satisfied that exporter have provided all the necessary documents in the exact form required by the documentary credit, it forwards the payment to the nominated bank, which in turn pays you. A documentary credit will state whether exporter payment ‘at sight’ (immediately after bank verification of the documents) or at an extended term (for example, 30 days after sight). . Figure1. 3. Process of Documentary Credit Trade Financing Instrument: Companies often need financing to market, promote and manufacture their products and services. The financing needs of companies involved in international trade transactions are usually categorized as follows: (a) Pre-shipment financing: This is financing for the period prior to the shipment of goods, to support pre-export ac tivities, such as wages and overhead costs. It is especially needed when inputs for production must be imported. It also provides additional working capital for the exporter. Pre-shipment financing is especially important to smaller enterprises because the international sales cycle is usually longer than the domestic sales cycle. Pre-shipment financing instruments can take the form of short-term loans, overdrafts or cash credits. (b) Post-shipment financing: This is financing for the period following the shipment of goods. The competitiveness of exporters often depends on their ability to provide buyers with attractive credit terms. Post-shipment financing thus ensures adequate liquidity until the purchaser receives the products and the Exporter receives payment. Post-shipment financing is usually short-term. Pre- and post-shipment financing may come in the form of secured or unsecured Loans or lines of credit from banks or financial institutions. Common methods used to obtain such financing are explained below. Factoring, export receivables financing or advance against documentary bills: The exporter who sells goods to an overseas buyer on credit terms requests his bank to make an advance based on such documents as a bill of exchange, a bill of lading or a simple invoice. The lending bank generally advances from 50 to 100 per cent of the invoice value, depending on the perceived risk. * Inventory financing: An inventory of raw material or intermediate or finished products is used to secure a loan. Inventory financing is commonly used to finance trade in commodities, since commodity producers and traders typically hold substantial inventories. Inventory and warehouse receipt financing are discussed in more details in chapter IV in the context of structured commodity finance. Leasing: Some banks and financial institutions provide leasing as a medium- to long-term means of financing. Leasing is generally of interest to manufacturing companies that nee to import equipment or machinery to produce goods for export. The company procures the equipment and pays a monthly rental fee to a leasing company (or bank), which owns the equipment. Leasing thus allows an exporter to acquire capital goods for export production without having to make a large one-time cash outlay. Structured financing: Structured financing often refers to schemes whereby the lender extends a loan to the borrower by securitizing the current assets of the borrower over which the lender has control. These assets, including streams of expected cash inflows, serve as collateral for the loan. Structured financing techniques can be used for short-term financing as well as capital investment in countries where traditional financing is not available (or too onerous). However, structured financing deals are specific to each transaction or operation being financed and thus require a level of financial expertise rarely available in emerging economies. Bangladesh Aspects: In Bangladesh generally the above trade payment methods and financing instruments are used. But Cash in advanced is used less than 1% to make domestic trade payment in Bangladesh. As like other countries cash in advance is the least popular method of trade payment in Bangladesh. Open account is the most popular method of trade payment around the world. It is used more than 80% in international transaction. It is popular because in the market economy buyer is always powerful than seller and open account resembles the most common business tradition of supplier’s credit. But in Bangladesh the open account did not work because after 1971 Bangladeshi traders did some international trade through open account and Bangladesh could not pay to their exporter as a result country risk trading went down as in open account method suppliers provide goods on account. According to the domestic regulation (Import policy order 2009-2012) on import of Bangladesh open account is not used in Bangladesh. To ensure importers’ security of others country and reputation of our country it has been imposed. Then the Bangladesh Bank make the regulation that Bangladeshi importer should be used L/C. in case of import other than few exceptions (raw material, book, journal etc. ) whatever you import in country that must be through Letter of Credit. Table 2. 1: Methods of Payment used in Making and Getting Payment Methods used| Import Payment(no of cases)| Export Payment(no of cases)| Documentary credit| 85%| 65%| Documentary Collection| 10%| 30%| Cash in Advance| 2%| 2%| Open Account| 3%| 3%| Source: From the lecture of respective course teacher. (Data of 2012) From this table we can easily view the picture of trade payment method in our country. L/C has used 85% by Bangladeshi Importer in their total international payment and 65% by Bangladeshi exporter in their total international trade payment. L/C is a payment technique but it has financing component. Banks in Bangladesh also provide finance to importer to facilitate international business. Documentary collection in case of export is higher than import and rest of the methods such as cash in advance and open account is remain same in export and import payment of Bangladesh. Concluding Remarks: Even at this real time communication world, letter of credit is considered to be the one of the safest way to remit and get proceeds. But still there are some factors to be re-considered like: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Restructure of legal enforcement against defaulter importers and exporters in Bangladesh. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Necessary changes in import policy to permit imports to be made without LC to reduce import cost and subsequently reduce prices on essential and consumable goods. In some countries of tight control on foreign trade operations, documentary credit is a very strong device in the government’s control and supervisory mechanism. In our country, this controlling over imports and exports are seen in a liberal ways but still some considerable changes in import and export policy and re-structuring and up-to-date foreign exchange guideline is required for our country’s smooth growth. ************************** References * U. S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Combined_transport * http://www. google. com. bd/search? noj=1amp;q=what+is+bill+of+ladingamp;oq=what+is+bill+of+ladingamp;gs_l=serp. 3.. 0l10. 1425. 9130. 0. 9399. 40. 15. 1. 13. 13. 1. 293. 1568. 4j4j3. 11. 0. 0 1c. 1. 25. serp.. 19. 21. 982. ak_gnN5epFU * http://www. google. com. bd/search? noj=1amp;q=what+is+air+waybill+amp;oq=what+is+air+waybill+amp;gs_l=serp. 3.. 0i7i30l10. 642616. 662149. 0. 62825. 35. 26. 0. 2. 2. 2. 437. 3543. 11j2j5j3j1. 22. 0. 0 1c. 1. 25. serp.. 17. 18. 2129. NJY6MK5lL1M * http://www. google. com. bd/url? sa=tamp;rct=jamp;q=international%20financing%20methodamp;source=webamp;cd=3amp;cad=rjaamp;ved=0CDsQFjACamp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. unescap. org%2Ftid%2Fpublication%2Ftipub2374_chap2. pdfamp;e i=8jULUue-IIGtPOmYgIAGamp;usg=AFQjCNG-edG5L12wqcReEVt-T2Ccyy7EkQamp;bvm=bv. 50723672,d. ZWU * tipub2374_chapter2. pdf * http://edupedia. educarnival. com/letter-of-credit-operation-in-bangladesh/ * Class Note.

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Digital convergence can also be viewed as Business Process convergence or integration: It is the ability to represent audio, video, text and other media in digital form, manage this rich digital content and tie it to transactional capability and interactive services [20].For e.g. In a doctors office the patient signature can be captured digitally, all the business transactions like patient scheduling, recording of the information about the procedure performed and the rate for the services performed, payment collection, processing for insurance claim, patient medical records can be managed digitally and later those records can be accessed by management to track the performance of the clinic efficiently. Also the business process convergence can help business provide personalized interactive products for the consumers. DC is the ability to integrate and converge enterprise wide business process with single point of access to it, 247, where digitized data are stored in a shared repository and managed by enterprise wide software like the Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. DC is Device convergence where same digital device can be used for multiple forms of digital content used for complementary services like mobile phone can be used as video player, music player, and sound recorder, GPS, email and web search[16]. It is defined as the convergence of computing, communication and consumer electronics [21] In the current scenario, future digital convergence means producing digital environments that are aware, receptive and adaptive to humans connected in a network. The interacting computational devices connected to such pervasive, human-centered computing network are able to commu nicate with each other [22]. Digital convergence can help working from home, conduct live meeting without travelling using video conferencing. Based on Past research, Digital convergence can be summarized as convergence of: a) digital content, b) network/transmission, c) business process/service, d) digital devices and e) infrastructure supporting pervasive computing. Innovation Capability Past research on Innovation capability of a firm has concluded that it includes the ability of the firm to have product innovation capability, process innovation capability and market innovation capability which are summarized below. The role of environmental innovation capability and organizational innovation capability in shaping firm agility has not been studied so far. Product Innovation capability: Innovation capability is the ability to develop new products or services [23-25], ability to be first mover in the market [26] and ability to introduce more new products than other firms [26]. Process Innovation capability: This is the ability of the firm to develop new methods of production [23-25], develop new organizational forms[23], seek new and novel solutions to problems[23] and to discover new methods and sources of supply[23]. Market Innovativeness: This is the ability to identify new markets[23]. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is headquartered in Paris and administers Community Innovation Survey (CIS). The Community Innovation Survey (CIS) was updated recently in the year 2008 and it lists Organizational Innovation Capability and Environment Innovation Capability as new measures for innovativeness [27]. Innovation surveys were first experimented with in several Western European countries but have since been conducted in many other countries including Canada, all EU countries, Switzerland, Russia, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, South Africa and most Latin American countries. Organizational Innovation Capability As per the CIS 2008 [27], organizational innovation capability is the ability of the firm to have new organizational method in the business practice. The new methods includes new business practices for organising work or procedures (i.e. supply chain management, business re-engineering, lean production, quality management, education/training systems, etc), new knowledge management systems to better use or exchange information, knowledge and skills within and outside the enterprise, New methods of workplace organisation for distributing responsibilities and decision making (i.e. first use of a new system of employee responsibilities, team work, decentralisation, integration or de-integration of departments, etc) and New methods of organising external relations with other firms or public institutions (i.e. first use of partnerships, outsourcing, alliances or sub-contracting, etc.) Environmental innovation capability: As per the CIS 2008 [27], this is the ability to produce new or signi ficantly improved product (good or service), process, organizational method or marketing method that generates environmental advantage compared to alternatives. CIS 2008 also suggests that firm marketing innovation capability of a firm includes ability to make significant changes to product design or packaging, ability to develop new media or techniques for product promotion, develop new sales channel and develop new methods of pricing goods. Product Innovation capability also includes the ability of the firm to develop products adaptive to the needs of the customer. Process innovation capability includes ability to develop new or improved supporting activities for business processes and ability to provide new method of providing staff welfare (employees are provided incentives and encouraged to behave in novel and original ways) and key executives are encouraged to take new risks [27]. Competition: Knowledge Management (KM) theory and the Science of competitiveness suggests that KM improves competitive position by improving productivity, agility, innovation and/or reputation PAIR [28, 29]. In dynamic markets knowledge assets become critical as a source of competition [30]. Along with KM , greater Agility will breed superior organizational performance [31].Entrepreneurial agility (the ability to anticipate and proactively take competitive actions) and Adaptive agility (the ability to sense and react to change) are both significant predictors of sustainable competitive advantage[32]. There is also significant relationship between sustainable competitive advantage and profitability [32]. Dynamic capabilities: In fast evolving markets, competition is a moving target and firms should have dynamic capabilities to gain competitive advantage [6]. Drawing on previous research findings, Dynamic capability is composed of adaptive capability, absorptive capability and innovative capabilit y[10]. Review of literature has defined Competitive action [and response] as externally directed, specific, and observable competitive move initiated by a firm to enhance its relative competitive position[33]. Previous research has concluded that Knowledge Assets, Agility, Dynamic capability are important for being competitive but the key question that this study investigates the relationship of digital convergence with Innovation capability, building innovation co-operation, Business Process agility and competitive advantage. Agility The different types of Agility identified in the literature are : Operational (internally focused initiative), Partnering (Supply chain initiative) and Customer (demand side initiative) [5], Entrepreneurial and Adaptive[32], Strategic[34], Business-Process [35]. Operational agility has been defined in the literature as the ability to sense and seize business opportunities quickly, accurately, and cost-efficiently. Customer agility is the ability to adapt to customers, identify new business opportunities and implement these opportunities with customers; and the role of IT in customer agility is to facilitate the development of virtual customer communities for designing new product, feedback and testing. Partnership agility: is the ability to leverage partners knowledge, competencies, and assets in order to identify and implement new business opportunities. Individual firms do not have all the resources required to effectively compete and value creation for the firm can be leveraged be tter through pooling of assets between partners. The role of IT in partnering agility is to support Inter organizational networks for collaboration, communication and integration of business processes. Organizational agility is important for business success [36]. Agility of an organization is significantly determined by the operational ability of the organization. Greater agility is achieved when the Inter-organizational system used has a task and strategic fit, has been assimilated into the organization and the system is adopted network wide [31]. Organizations that are agile i.e. to be able to take competitive actions continuously perform better than organizations that dont [37]. Business-processes agility can be classified as : process-level agility, which is how quickly an organization can add new capabilities into its standard processes (E.g. how quickly a company can acquire AJAX capability into its ordering process) ; and transaction-level agility, which measures the how good the organization is in customizing capabilities for individual customer transactions (For example, how well a company can customize AJAX ordering capability to include bar-code label on the box, an RFI D tag on a certain type of container, and paper invoice with bulk billing based on the individual transaction with a customer)[38]. Theory and Propositions Resource based view (RBV) of the firm [39, 40] suggests that valuable, rare, inimitable and non substitutable (VRIN) resources and capabilities as the source of competitive advantage. The extension to this is the theory of Dynamic capabilities. This theory emphasizes that development of organizational capabilities over the time and their constant renewal by management influences can be a source of competitive advantage. In contrast to the earlier view that IT infrastructure and IT investment provides the source of competitive advantage, dynamic capabilities theory emphasizes that consistent development of the capability to apply IT , allows firms to be flexible and innovate continuously, looking put for emerging opportunities, and countervailing threats from competitors to help shape a superior firm [41]. Theory of capability state competition lists Dynamic capabilities, core competencies and resources as a basis for superior performance of a firm [42] According to the Dynamic capabi lities theory it is not just the availability of resources that matter, but also the high performance routines operating inside the firm and embedded in the firms processes that utilizes them [43]. The theory proposes that a firms IT application can be imitable across firms but the firms capability to apply IT strategically can be inimitable [44]. Based on this theory the innovation capability of a firm cannot be easily replicated by other firms and will help the firm achieve competitive advantage. Innovation was described by Schumpeter (1934) as development of new products, new methods of production, new sources of supply, opening of new markets and new ways of organizing businesses. As per OECDs CIS 2008 survey innovation ability is the ability to implement new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method, or a new environmentally friendly product or process in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations. It has been suggested that firms radical or incremental innovation drives the firm to respond to market changes and opportunities[45]. This study investigates this empirically by proposing the following. Proposition 1: Innovation capability will be related to Organizational Agility. Digital systems are pervasive and can make knowledge accessible through intranets, digital knowledge repositories and databases and can make the knowledge richer by video conferencing and digital collaborative facilities. Digitization offers firms significant opportunities to achieve greater agility [46]. Digital convergence allows for transfer of digitized information in different ways. Information theory provides completely rational explanations for competitive action: those who have the information will be most aware, motivated and capable of responding. ICT use on Multifactor productivity (MFP growth) are typically linked to firms experience in innovation [47]. It has been suggested that several firm capabilities like the firms digital platform is an important enabler of agility [5]. Thus this study proposes that Innovation Capability will drive agility more for firms that have Digital convergence than for firms that do not. Proposition 2: Relationship between Innovation capability and organizational Agility will be moderated by digital convergence Firms that have digitized their process have digital options that can help create new channels to access customers, build real-time integration within supply chain network , gain efficiencies in internal operations and offering new digital products or services [48]. This study proposes that firms that have digitized their processes will have digital convergence that can help digital collaboration with customers, other members in the supply chain network, other firms in the industry, competitors and other firms within the enterprise; both locally and globally. Proposition 4: Digital convergence will promote both local and international innovation partnership. It has been suggested that Digital collaborations will result in Co-evolution among businesses which implies flexibility in the asset mix , capabilities and knowledge resulting in Agility [49]. Knowledge management is related to organizational agility [50] and conducting knowledge management leads to five types of knowledge manipulation activities: knowledge acquisition, selection, generation, assimilation, and emission[28]. Proposition 5: Digital Collaboration for Innovation has a direct relationship with Agility. Proposition 6: Organizational Agility will be related to a higher level of competitive position/competitive advantage. Research Design Data Sample The proposed research model will be empirically tested using a data gathered from managers of companies. The target respondent list will be compiled from the Dun Bradstreet database consisting of large organizations both public and private operating in North America that has a certain level of market uncertainty and competition. As per OECDs definition there are two types of innovation intensive industries comprising of a) High tech industrial companies like Manufacturing and b) companies that provide knowledge intensive services like IT consultancy, Telecom services, Banking and Financial, Retail, Insurance, Health Care, Education etc . The diverse sample from both the public and the private sector will help increase the generalizability of the results from this study. The focus of this study is digital convergence. Although the surge in digital convergence with variable strength is seen across all industry sectors and all size firms; this study focuses on medium to large companies with large number of employees. The reason being, for large size companies the availability of finance makes it easier to invest in digital systems. Methodology A pilot study with IS academics and graduate students will be conducted for the preliminary assessment of the proposed scale for each construct and to identify ambiguous questions and instructions. Cronbachs alpha (a) coefficient will be computed for each multi item scale to test for reliability. Alpha greater than 0.7 is generally considered to be acceptable reliability[51]. It is important to assess the biases that results from using a single method, a mail survey administered at a single point in time, to measure the constructs proposed in this study due to Common Method Variance (CMV). The Harmons one factor test will be used to assess CMV[52]. Measures are being taken to elicit information about all the variables that are being studied. Whatever possible existing scales will be used but new scale to measure digital convergence will be developed. A seven point likert scale (1= very Weak, 7=Very strong) was used to measure the constructs. This study adapts the previously validated scales used in the past to measure organizational innovation capability [25-27, 53]. The adapted scale in the study consists of : Product innovation which has 3 questions, Process Innovation has 4,organizational innovation has 4,Marketing innovation has 4 and Environmental innovation has 2 questions as shown in the Appendix. Digital Collaboration for innovation is active participation with other enterprises or non-commercial institutions on innovation activities using a digital platform. This type of collaboration does not require for the collaborator to benefit commercially. Pure contracting out of work with no active co-operation is excluded in defining digital collaboration for innovation. The measure is adapted from the OECD community innovation survey, 2008. It consists of selecting the different types of collaborators and their location as shown in Appendix. Eight measures of business process agility was used from a previously validated instrument [35] which was developed based on conceptual framework provided by prior research [5, 54]. These items measure how quickly and well the firms can undertake key business actions such as responding to changes in aggregate demand, customizing a product to a specific customer or market, reaction to new product or service launches by competitors, change prices or product mix, move into or retrench from markets, adopt new process and redesign the supply chain. Little empirical work has been done on Digital Convergence and this proposal synthesizes concepts from the current IS literature on Digital Convergence to help develop the operationalization of the Digital convergence Construct. This study proposes breaking down DC into 6 first order constructs consisting of content convergence, transmission convergence, Network convergence, Business Process convergence or integration, Device convergence and Pervasive digital environment; which will be easier to operationalize . The Next step will be operationalize these variables, transform the propositions into formal hypotheses for the purpose of empirical testing. This study proposes to measure competitive position of a company based on performance of their company relative to their major competitors using a seven-point Likert scale( 1-significantly decreased, 7= significantly increased) in terms of : Market share, Sales volume and Customer Satisfaction. The results from the self reported will be validated by calculating correlation with the results from accounting related measures available from Financial Reports. Previous literature supports the use of accounting measures such as Return on Sales (ROS), Return on Assets (ROA) often used as proxy for efficiency, operation income to measure a companys position to compete Data Analysis This study proposes to use PLS to estimate the research model as it is common in behavioral literature to use multiple item measures for latent constructs. Path model using PLS will be used for interpreting the main results of this study because this study uses perceptual measures coming from one respondent for constructs that require multiple item indicators. Significance of this research Innovation and Agility are seen as being important across many industries, especially those operating in a dynamic and globally competitive environment. The impact of Digital Convergence upon a firms ability to compete in such an environment has important implications for managers. The relationship between Innovation capability and Business Process Agility has not been studied empirically in context with competitive advantage. The results from this proposed study can provide guidance to managers to answer questions like: Should managers develop environmental innovation capability, organizational and marketing innovation capability to gain more Agility? Should Managers invest in digital convergence for building digital collaboration for innovation? Is there any gain in collaboration for innovation (even with competitors) in improving firm agility? Does business process agility provide competitive advantage for large companies? Will the benefit in developing innovation capability increase by investment in Digital Convergence? This proposed study is important to researchers as it adds to the growing body of literature linking a Firms capability and Agility. It draws from resource-based view of the firm and dynamic capability theory to explain the relationship between firms innovation capability and its competitive performance. This study provides an empirical test of relationship between business process agility and competitiveness. The study also provides identification of Digital Convergence. Finally, the results of this proposed study is important to respondents as it answers if the leverage of innovation capability for competitive advantage is contingent on investment in Digital Convergence.

Sociology and Globalisation Essay -- Sociology Essays

Many historians and sociologists have identified a transformation in the economic processes of the world and society in recent times. There has been an extensive increase in developments in technology and the economy as a whole in the twentieth century. Globalization has been recognized as a new age in which the world has developed into what Giddens identifies to be a â€Å"single social system† (Anthony Giddens: 1993 ‘Sociology’ pg 528), due to the rise of interdependence of various countries on one another, therefore affecting practically everyone within society. In this essay I will give a detailed explanation of what sociologists mean by the term ‘globalisation’ and how they have tried to explain it. Globalisation can be construed in many ways. Many sociologists describe it as an era in which national sovereignty is disappearing as a result of a technological revolution, causing space and time to be virtually irrelevant. It is an economic revolution, which Roland Robertson refers to in his book ‘Globalisation’ 1992 pg 8, as â€Å"the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole†. It is argued that globalisation allows the world to become increasingly more united, with people more conscious of ethnic, societal, civilizational and individual aspects of their lives. When exploring the topic of globalisation, sociologists have categorised the term into three components, economic, political and cultural globalisation. They have done this in order explain what it means. I have aimed within this essay to explain all three types of globalisation in order to answer the essay question. I intend to concentrate mainly on the economic an... ...e† them (Marsh, ‘Making Sense of Society’, 2000 pg 487). What we can understand on the whole, is what sociologists mean by the term globalisation is that it is a profound, dynamic process which is affecting the world immensely. It seems from what I have examined so far about globalisation that there may come a time eventually, when a world government comes into existence, where international inequalities will always remain and where social conflict will always be active. This is because the policies that drive the globalisation process are largely focussed on the needs of business. Globalisation is a continuing process which needs to be managed wisely. It is a crucial development which has and always will cause significant social changes within society and the world as a whole.